Pob zeb diamond sib tsoo - txhua yam hais txog kev txiav zoo meej ntawm pob zeb diamond

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm kev kos duab zoo nkauj ntawm polishing pob zeb muaj nuj nqis rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub. Twb tau cov Sumerians, Assyrians thiab Akkids khav theeb zoo nkauj ornaments thiab amulets, nyob rau hauv uas muaj nuj nqis pob zeb tau teem, tseem puag ncig thiab tsis heev piav, tab sis zoo nkauj polished. Cov khoom siv rau whetstones tau muab rau tib neeg los ntawm qhov xwm txheej nws tus kheej, qhia qhov ci ntsa iab ntawm ntau cov pob zeb tsim raug. Txiv neej, ua raws li qhov xwm txheej, kev sib tsoo, los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis, tsuas yog ua kom nrawm thiab txhim kho, ua kom lub peev xwm zoo nkauj ntawm pob zeb zoo li yog los ntawm kev npau suav.

Thawj qhov kev sim polish pob zeb diamond hnub rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua XNUMX, thiab cov duab ntawm kev txiav ci ntsa iab, tseem tsis zoo tag nrho, rau lub xyoo pua XNUMX Nws yog ua tsaug rau cov kev txiav no, ua tsaug rau kev txiav txim siab nruj me ntsis, uas tam sim no peb tuaj yeem qhuas ntau qhov kev kho qhov muag zoo. cov teebmeem ntawm pob zeb diamond, uas gemologists hu ua brilliance.

Cov ntawv kawm

Mineralogically, pob zeb diamond yog ntshiab carbon (C). Nws crystallizes nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb system, feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm octahedrons (Fig. 1), tsis tshua muaj tetra-, rau-, kaum ob-, thiab tsis tshua muaj octahedrons (Fig. 1). Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso tej yam kev mob, zoo kawg nkaus tsim ntshiab crystals yog tsawg thiab feem ntau me me heev. Cov muaju loj yog feem ntau morphologically tsim tsis zoo (duab 2). Ntau ntawm lawv muaj cov qauv mosaic vim muaj ntau tus menyuam ntxaib lossis adhesions; ntau cov muaju muaj cov npoo sib npaug, thiab cov phab ntsa yog convex, ntxhib, lossis jagged. Tseem muaj deformed lossis etched crystals; lawv tsim yog ze ze rau cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsim thiab tom qab tawg (nto etching). Spinel-hom ntxaib yog cov ntaub ntawv ntau, uas lub dav hlau ntawm fusion yog lub dav hlau ntawm octahedron (111). Ntau tus menyuam ntxaib kuj paub, tsim cov duab zoo li lub hnub qub. Kuj tseem muaj cov adhesions tsis tu ncua. Piv txwv ntawm feem ntau cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov xwm yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab. 2. Muaj cov pob zeb diamonds (lub purest, yuav luag zoo meej crystals) thiab technical pob zeb diamonds, uas yog subdivided rau hauv boards, carbonados, ballas, thiab lwm yam raws li mineralogical yam ntxwv. Board (board, board) feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm granular pawg, grey los yog dub. Ballas yog tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov nplej, feem ntau ntawm cov qauv radiant thiab grey xim. Carbonado, tseem hu ua pob zeb diamond dub, yog cryptocrystalline."Tag nrho cov pob zeb diamond ntau lawm txij thaum ub yog kwv yees li ntawm 4,5 billion carats, nrog rau tag nrho cov nqi ntawm $ 300 billion."

Pob zeb diamond sib tsoo

Lub hauv paus pib ntawm kev kos duab zoo nkauj ntawm polishing pob zeb diamond hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub. Nws paub tias cov Sumerians, Assyrians thiab Babylonians twb khav theeb txiav pob zeb siv los ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub, amulets los yog talismans. Nws kuj tseem paub tias cov pob zeb sib tsoo tau txhawb nqa los ntawm qhov nws tus kheej, qhia qhov chaw ntawm ntau cov pob zeb zoo nkauj ci ntsa iab, lossis cov pob zeb zoo nkauj dej nrog lub zog luster thiab cov yam ntxwv xim. Yog li, lawv ua raws li cov xwm txheej los ntawm rub cov pob zeb tsis tshua muaj zog nrog cov tawv tawv, muab lawv ib puag ncig, tab sis asymmetrical, tsis xwm yeem. Lub polishing ntawm pob zeb mus rau ib tug symmetrical zoo tuaj ntau tom qab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov duab cabochon niaj hnub hloov zuj zus los ntawm cov duab sib npaug; Kuj tseem muaj qhov chaw tiaj tus uas ua rau engraving. Interestingly, kev ua cov pob zeb nrog symmetrically teem lub ntsej muag (facets) tau paub ntau tom qab lub engraving ntawm pob zeb. Cov pob zeb tiaj tus nrog cov phab ntsa symmetrically, uas peb qhuas niaj hnub no, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. 

Cov theem ntawm polishing pob zeb diamond

Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov pob zeb diamond, cutters sawv tawm 7 theem.Thawj theem - theem kev npaj, uas cov pob zeb ntxhib ntxhib yuav raug soj ntsuam kom ntxaws. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov duab thiab hom siv lead ua, nws purity thiab xim. Cov duab yooj yim ntawm cov pob zeb diamond (lub voos xwmfab, octahedron, rhombic dodecahedron) tau meej meej distorted nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob. Tsis tshua muaj, cov pob zeb diamond siv tau txwv rau lub ntsej muag tiaj tus thiab cov npoo ncaj. Lawv feem ntau sib npaug mus rau qhov sib txawv thiab tsim qhov tsis sib xws. Convex, concave los yog skeletal daim ntawv predominate. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim, ntau dua lossis tsawg dua, cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim, uas yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim lossis lawv cov menyuam ntxaib. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau cov tsos ntawm cov pob zeb deformed, uas feem ntau poob lawv cov duab qub ntawm lub voos xwmfab, octahedron lossis rhombic dodecahedron. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub meej tag nrho cov deformation tsis xws luag uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem tom ntej ntawm cov txheej txheem, thiab npaj cov txheej txheem raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov pob zeb diamond txiav kom siab li sai tau. Cov xim ntawm cov pob zeb diamond yog cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov duab ntawm cov muaju. Namely, nws tau pom tias orthorhombic dodecahedrons feem ntau daj xim, thaum octahedrons feem ntau tsis muaj xim. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv ntau crystals, xim inhomogeneity yuav tshwm sim, muaj nyob rau hauv zonal thiab kom meej meej sib txawv xim saturation. Yog li ntawd, kev txiav txim siab meej ntawm cov kev sib txawv no tseem muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev ua thiab tom qab zoo ntawm cov pob zeb polished. Qhov thib peb tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab nyob rau theem ua ntej yog qhov purity ntawm pob zeb diamond ntxhib. Yog li, hom thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev suav nrog, qhov loj, daim ntawv tsim, kom muaj nuj nqis thiab kev faib tawm hauv cov siv lead ua tau tshawb xyuas. Qhov chaw thiab qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov cim nti, pob txha tawg thiab kev ntxhov siab tawg, piv txwv li txhua yam kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem sib tsoo thiab cuam tshuam rau kev soj ntsuam tom ntej ntawm cov pob zeb zoo, kuj tau txiav txim siab. Tam sim no, suav tomography txoj kev tau ua pov thawj tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv qhov no. Cov txheej txheem no, ua tsaug rau kev siv cov cuab yeej tsim nyog, muab cov duab peb sab ntawm lub pob zeb diamond nrog tag nrho nws cov kev tsis zoo sab hauv, ua tsaug rau qhov uas, los ntawm kev siv computer simulation, tag nrho cov haujlwm cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem sib tsoo tuaj yeem raug programmed. Ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb rau kev sib kis ntawm txoj kev no yog, hmoov tsis, tus nqi siab ntawm cov cuab yeej, uas yog vim li cas ntau cov grinders tseem siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas qhov muag, siv rau qhov me me "qhov rais", yav tas los hauv av ntawm ib qho ntawm cov ntsej muag. ntawm crystal.Theem theem ob - tawg ntawm crystal. Qhov kev ua haujlwm no feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov pob zeb tsis zoo, deformed, twinned los yog hnyav hnyav. Qhov no yog ib qho haujlwm uas yuav tsum muaj kev paub ntau thiab kev paub dhau los. Cov kab hauv qab yog faib cov siv lead ua kom zoo li nws cov khoom tsis yog tsuas yog loj npaum li qhov ua tau, tab sis kuj yog huv si li sai tau, uas yog, qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov pob zeb ua tiav. Yog li ntawd, thaum sib cais, ntau thiab ntau cov kev saib xyuas yog them tsis tau tsuas yog rau tej peev xwm sib cais chaw (cleavage dav hlau), tab sis kuj mus rau lub simultaneous muaj peev xwm ntawm tshem tawm ntau yam ntawm sab nraud thiab sab hauv, xws li tawg, ntxaib dav hlau, meej ib feem ntawm cleavage, tseem ceeb inclusions, thiab lwm yam. Nws yog tsim nyog nco ntsoov hais tias lub pob zeb diamond yog yus muaj los ntawm octahedral cleavage (nrog rau (111) dav hlau), thiab yog li ntawd lub peev xwm muab faib chaw yog lub dav hlau ntawm lub octahedron. Yog lawm, qhov tseeb dua lawv cov ntsiab lus yog, qhov ua tau zoo thiab txhim khu kev qha tag nrho cov haujlwm yuav yog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav txog qhov siab ntawm pob zeb diamond.Thib peb theem - sawing (crystal txiav). Qhov kev ua haujlwm no yog ua los ntawm cov pob zeb zoo nkauj loj hauv daim ntawv lub voos xwmfab, octahedron thiab ib qho orthorhombic dodecahedron, muab qhov kev faib cov siv lead ua rau hauv qhov chaw tau npaj ua ntej. Rau kev txiav, tshwj xeeb saws (saws) nrog phosphor bronze discs yog siv (duab 3).Theem Plaub - pib sib tsoo, uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ib daim duab (Fig. 3). Ib tug rondist yog tsim, uas yog, ib tug sawb cais lub sab sauv sab (crown) ntawm lub pob zeb los ntawm nws sab sab (pavilion). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug ci ntsa iab txiav, lub rondist muaj ib tug puag ncig.Thib tsib theem - Kev sib tsoo kom raug, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev sib tsoo pem hauv ntej ntawm lub pob zeb, ces lub collet thiab lub ntsej muag tseem ceeb ntawm lub kaus mom thiab pavilion (duab 4). Cov txheej txheem ua tiav qhov tsim ntawm lub ntsej muag seem. Ua ntej pib txiav cov haujlwm, pob zeb raug xaiv los txiav txim siab cov lus qhia ntawm kev txiav, uas yog txuam nrog cov anisotropy uas twb muaj lawm hardness. Txoj cai dav dav thaum polishing pob zeb diamond yog ua kom cov pob zeb sib npaug ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm lub voos xwmfab (100), cov phab ntsa ntawm cov octahedron (111) lossis cov phab ntsa ntawm pob zeb diamond dodecahedron (110) (Fig. 4). Raws li qhov no, peb hom rhombuses yog qhov txawv: plaub-taw rhombus (Fig. 4a), peb-taw rhombus (Fig. 4b) thiab ob-taw rhombus (Fig. 5), daim duab. hauv). Nws tau raug sim tsim tias nws yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los zom cov dav hlau sib npaug mus rau plaub lub symmetry axis. Cov dav hlau zoo li no yog lub ntsej muag ntawm lub voos xwmfab thiab rhombic dodecahedron. Nyob rau hauv lem, lub dav hlau ntawm octahedron inclined rau cov axes yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws rau zom. Thiab txij li feem ntau ntawm cov ntsej muag grinded tsuas yog tsis tshua muaj thaum uas tig mus rau plaub-txoj kev symmetry axis, kev sib tsoo cov lus qhia tau xaiv uas ze tshaj rau ib qho ntawm cov axes. Kev siv tswv yim ntawm anisotropy ntawm hardness ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm kev txiav ci ntsa iab yog qhia hauv daim duab. XNUMX.Qib thib rau - polishing, uas yog txuas ntxiv ntawm kev sib tsoo. Siv polishing discs thiab pastes yog siv rau qhov no.theem xya - xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm kev txiav, nws cov proportions thiab symmetry, thiab ces ntxuav los ntawm boiling nyob rau hauv ib tug daws ntawm acids, feem ntau sulfuric acids.

Qhov hnyav nce

Cov txiaj ntsig loj ntawm cov pob zeb diamond crushed nyob ntawm lawv cov duab (zoo), thiab qhov sib kis loj tuaj yeem yog qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv suav, raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm pob zeb diamond txiav los ntawm cov duab tsim kom raug yog li 50-60% ntawm qhov pib loj, thaum nrog cov duab pom meej meej nws tsuas yog li 30%, thiab nrog cov duab tiaj tus, tus menyuam ntxaib. tsuas yog hais txog 10–20% (duab 5, 1-12).

TXOJ CAI THIAB BRILLIARIA

rosette txiav

Lub rosette txiav yog thawj txiav los siv lub ntsej muag tiaj tus. Lub npe ntawm daim ntawv no los ntawm Rose; yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm qee yam zoo sib xws hauv kev teeb tsa ntawm facets nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb nrog kev npaj ntawm cov petals ntawm ib tug zoo-tsim sawv. Lub rosette txiav tau dav siv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 6th; tam sim no, nws tsis tshua muaj siv thiab feem ntau yog thaum ua cov khoom me me ntawm cov pob zeb, lub npe hu ua. makle. Nyob rau hauv Victorian era, nws tau siv los zom tob liab garnet, uas yog fashionable heev thaum lub sij hawm. Lub ntsej muag pob zeb tsuas muaj lub ntsej muag sab saud, thaum lub hauv qab yog lub hauv paus tiaj tus polished. Lub sab sauv yog zoo li lub pyramid nrog daim duab peb sab lub ntsej muag converging ntawm ib tug ntau dua los yog tsawg lub kaum sab xis ntawm sab saum toj. Cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm rosette txiav yog qhia hauv daim duab. 7. Lwm hom rosette txiav yog tam sim no paub. Cov no suav nrog: tag nrho Dutch rosette (daim duab 7 a), Antwerp lossis Brabant rosette (daim duab XNUMX b) thiab ntau lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ob daim ntawv, uas yuav piav raws li ib tug yooj yim kev twb kev txuas ntawm ob ib daim ntawv, ib tug Dutch qhov (socket) ob yog tau.

Pobzeb txiav

Qhov no yog tej zaum thawj faceted txiav yoog mus rau lub octagonal duab ntawm lub pob zeb diamond siv lead ua. Nws daim ntawv yooj yim tshaj plaws zoo ib yam li octahedron nrog ob lub truncated vertices. Nyob rau hauv sab sauv, lub iav nto yog sib npaug rau ib nrab ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig seem ntawm lub octahedron nyob rau hauv nws widest ib feem, nyob rau hauv lub qis nws yog ib nrab li ntau. Pobzeb txiav tau dav siv los ntawm cov neeg Isdias thaum ub. Nws tau coj mus rau Tebchaws Europe nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 8th los ntawm Nuremberg grinders. Muaj ntau ntau hom kev txiav txiav, ntawm cov uas yog hu ua Mazarin txiav (Fig. 8a) thiab Peruzzi (Fig. XNUMXb), thoob plaws hauv Fabkis thiab Ltalis hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Tam sim no, pobzeb txiav feem ntau yog siv rau hauv daim ntawv zoo heev; Lub pob zeb txiav nyob rau hauv txoj kev no ua raws li cov ntawv npog rau ntau yam khoom me me, piv txwv li, hauv cov nplhaib.

stepped txiav

Tus qauv ntawm daim ntawv no ntawm kev txiav, tam sim no ntau heev, yog cov pobzeb txiav. Nws yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ib tug loj tiaj tus nto (vaj huam sib luag) surrounded los ntawm ib tug series ntawm rectangular facets zoo li cov kauj ruam. Nyob rau sab sauv ntawm lub pob zeb, cov facets loj hlob maj mam, nqes steeply mus rau nws widest ntug; nyob rau hauv qis ib feem ntawm lub pob zeb, tib lub duab plaub yog pom, stepwise nqis los rau hauv qab lub ntsej muag ntawm lub hauv paus. Cov txheej txheem ntawm lub pob zeb tuaj yeem yog square, duab plaub, daim duab peb sab, rhombic lossis zoo nkauj: kite, hnub qub, qhov tseem ceeb, thiab lwm yam. Ib daim duab plaub lossis square txiav nrog cov ces kaum (ib qho octagonal contour ntawm lub pob zeb hauv lub dav hlau rondist) yog hu ua emerald txiav (Fig. 9). Cov pob zeb me me, nqis thiab elongated, duab plaub lossis trapezoidal, yog hu ua baguettes (Fabkis baquette) (Fig. 10 a, b); Lawv ntau yam yog lub pob zeb square-txiav hu ua carré (Fig. 10c).

Qub ci ntsa iab

Hauv kev xyaum ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, nws feem ntau tshwm sim tias cov pob zeb diamond muaj qhov txiav uas txawv ntawm qhov "zoo tagnrho" proportions. Feem ntau, cov no yog cov pob zeb diamond qub uas ua rau xyoo pua 11th lossis ntxov dua. Xws li cov pob zeb diamond tsis qhia cov teebmeem kho qhov muag zoo kawg nkaus li cov uas raug txiav niaj hnub no. Pob zeb diamonds ntawm cov qub ci ntsa iab tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg, qhov hloov pauv ntawm no yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 12. Pob zeb diamonds ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los feem ntau muaj lub pob zeb zoo ib yam li lub xwmfab (hu ua cushion), nrog ntau dua lossis tsawg dua. sab. , tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub ntsej muag, lub hauv paus loj heev thiab lub qhov rais me me (Fig. XNUMX). Cov pob zeb diamond txiav tom qab lub sijhawm no kuj muaj qhov me me thiab qhov loj truncated collet, txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv ntawm lub pob zeb yog puag ncig los yog ze rau puag ncig thiab kev npaj ntawm facets yog qhov sib npaug (daim duab XNUMX).

BRILLIANT CUT

Feem ntau ntawm cov ci ntsa iab yog siv rau pob zeb diamond, yog li lub npe "ci ntsa iab" feem ntau suav hais tias yog lub npe ntawm lub pob zeb diamond. Qhov kev txiav ci ntsa iab tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 13th (qee qhov chaw qhia tias nws tau paub thaum ntxov li 33rd caug xyoo) los ntawm Venetian grinder Vincenzio Peruzzi. Lub sij hawm niaj hnub "pob zeb diamond" (Fig. 25, a) qhia txog ib puag ncig cov duab nrog 1 lub ntsej muag nyob rau sab sauv (crown), suav nrog iav, thiab hauv qab (pavilion) nrog 8 lub ntsej muag, suav nrog collets. Cov ntsej muag hauv qab no yog qhov txawv: 8) nyob rau sab sauv (crown) - lub qhov rais, 16 lub ntsej muag ntawm lub qhov rais, 13 lub ntsej muag tseem ceeb ntawm lub kaus mom, 2 lub ntsej muag ntawm rondist crown (Fig. 8 b); 16) nyob rau hauv qis qis (pavilion) - 13 lub ntsej muag tseem ceeb ntawm lub pavilion, XNUMX lub ntsej muag ntawm rondist pavilion, tsar (Fig. XNUMX c) . Cov strips cais cov sab sauv thiab sab qis yog hu ua rondist; nws muab kev tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj rau converging npoo ntawm facets. 

Tshawb xyuas peb thiab compendium ntawm kev paub txog lwm lub pov haum:

• Pob zeb diamond / Pob zeb diamond
• Ruby
• amethyst
• Aquamarine
• Agate
• ametrine
• Sapphire
• Emerald
• Topaz
• Tsimofan
• Jadeite
• morganite
• zoo li
• Peridot
• Alexandrite
• Heliodor