Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub pov haum nyob rau hauv keeb kwm

Raws li gemstones tau los ua ornaments, sim tam sim ntawd ua rau categorize lawv. pob zeb zoo tshaj plaws thiab phem tshaj plawsВ muaj nqis dua thiab tsis muaj nqis. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm. Piv txwv li, peb paub tias cov Npanpiloo thiab cov Axilias faib cov pob zeb uas paub rau lawv ua peb pawg uas muaj nqi sib npaug. Thawj, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, yog cov pob zeb txuam nrog cov ntiaj chaw. Cov no suav nrog cov pob zeb diamond txuam nrog Mercury, sapphires txuam nrog Uranus, turquoise nrog Saturn, opals nrog Jupiter, thiab amethysts nrog lub ntiaj teb. Cov pab pawg thib ob - lub hnub qub zoo li, muaj garnets, agates, topazes, heliodor, hyacinth thiab lwm yam. Cov pab pawg thib peb - ​​terrestrial, muaj pearls, amber thiab corals.

Cov gemstones tau kho li cas yav dhau los?

Qhov xwm txheej txawv hauv Is Nrias teb, qhov twg hauv paus ob hom pob zeb tau muab cais tawm - pob zeb diamond thiab corundum (rubies thiab sapphires). Twb tau nyob rau ntawm XNUMXth thiab XNUMXnd centuries BC, tus poj Indian philosopher thiab connoisseur ntawm Kautilya pob zeb nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm hu ua "Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Kev Siv (Cov txiaj ntsig)" txawv plaub pawg ntawm pob zeb diamond. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog pob zeb tsis meej thiab tsis muaj xim "zoo li pob zeb siv lead ua", qhov thib ob yog xim av-daj pob zeb "zoo li lub qhov muag ntawm hare", qhov thib peb yog "xim ntsuab", thiab plaub yog "Suav-xim" pob zeb diamond. Rose". Cov kev sim zoo sib xws rau kev faib cov pob zeb tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg xav zoo ntawm cov qub txeeg qub teg, hauv tebchaws Greece los ntawm Theocritus ntawm Sirac, Plato, Aristotle, Theophrastus, hauv Rome thiab lwm tus. Solinius thiab Pliny tus Txwj Laug. Cov tom kawg suav hais tias yog lub pob zeb zoo tshaj plaws "ci ntsa iab nrog kev ci ntsa iab" lossis "qhia lawv cov xim los saum ntuj los." Nws hu lawv "txiv neej" pob zeb uas tsis yog "poj niam" pob zeb, uas feem ntau yog "daj thiab mediocre brilliance". Cov kev sim zoo sib xws los faib cov pob zeb tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntau cov neeg sau ntawv medieval.

Lub sijhawm ntawd, muaj kev ntseeg zoo nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm hais tias pob zeb muaj nuj nqis muaj txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau txoj hmoo ntawm ib tug neeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum siv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm amulets thiab talismans. Nws yog qhov kev pom no ntawm lub zog tej yam yees siv ntawm pob zeb uas tau hais tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv medieval hauv txhua qhov kev sim ntawm categorization. Yog li ntawd, pob zeb tau pib ua kom pom tseeb, lub zog ua rau muaj qhov me me. Thiab qhov no yog ib kauj ruam ntawm kev faib cov pob zeb rau hauv cov pob zeb uas siv tau rau cov dab thiab pob zeb tiv thaiv kev ua phem ntawm dab phem.

Lub hwj chim txawv txav tau ntaus nqi rau lub pov haum

Tawm tsam cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm tag nrho cov kev xav tsis meej lossis tej yam yees siv, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Al-Biruni (Abu Reyhan Biruni, 973-1048) tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. nws tau thov kom muaj kev sib txawv kiag li los faib cov pob zeb. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog pob zeb liab (rubies, spinels, garnets), pawg thib ob ntawm cov tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig yog pob zeb diamond (tsuas yog vim lawv cov tawv nqaij!), pawg thib peb yog pearls, corals thiab niam-ntawm-Pearl, pawg plaub yog ntsuab. thiab xiav-ntsuab (emeralds, malachite, jade thiab lapis lazuli). Ib pawg cais suav nrog cov khoom ntawm cov organic keeb kwm, suav nrog amber thiab dav hlau, uas yuav tsum tau suav tias yog qhov tshwm sim uas tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas, nrog rau kev xaiv iav thiab cov plooj (porcelain) ua cov pob zeb dag.

Gemstones nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog

W dNyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog, kev sim cais pob zeb feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog lawv cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj lossis nyiam tam sim no.. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm muab piv txwv ntawm cov kev nyiam xws li lub hauv paus rau categorization. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog, xiav sapphires thiab tsaus liab doog amethysts muaj nuj nqis tshaj. Thaum lub sij hawm Renaissance thiab tshaj - rubies, sapphires, pob zeb diamond thiab emeralds. Kuj tseem muaj lub sijhawm uas cov pob zeb diamond thiab pearls yog cov pob zeb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Thawj qhov kev sim niaj hnub los faib cov pob zeb tau nthuav tawm xyoo 1860 los ntawm German mineralogist C. Kluge. Nws faib cov pob zeb uas nws paub ua ob pawg: precious pob zeb thiab semi-precious pob zeb. Hauv ob pawg, nws tau txheeb xyuas 5 chav kawm ntawm qhov tseem ceeb. Cov pob zeb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws (I chav kawm) muaj xws li pob zeb diamond, corundum, chrysoberyl thiab spinels, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws (V chav kawm) suav nrog: dav hlau, jade, serpentine, alabaster, malachite, rhodochrosite.

Gemstones hauv keeb kwm niaj hnub

Ib qho txawv me ntsis thiab nthuav dav lub tswv yim ntawm categorization tau qhia nyob rau hauv 1920 los ntawm Lavxias teb sab mineralogist thiab gemologist A. Fersman, thiab nyob rau hauv lub 70s. thiab lwm cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias (B. Marenkov, V. Sobolev, E. Kevlenko, A. Churup) ntau yam txheej txheem, suav nrog cov txheej txheem tus nqi qhia los ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj, tiam sis thiab nyiam tau pom ntau xyoo, nrog rau qee lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg xws li hardness, coherence, pob tshab, xim thiab lwm yam. Qhov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txoj hauv kev no yog kev faib tawm los ntawm A. Churup. Nws muab cov pob zeb faib ua 3 chav kawm: cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub (precious), hniav nyiaj hniav kub-kho kom zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub (precious) pob zeb nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw zoo tsim crystals (ib leeg muaju) thiab tsis tshua muaj sib sau ua ke nrog ntau qib ntawm automorphism. Lub pob zeb ntawm chav kawm no tau muab faib los ntawm tus sau ua ntau pawg, raws li kev faib tawm ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, suav nrog hardness. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, pob zeb diamond nyob hauv thawj qhov chaw, tsuas yog hauv qab ntau yam ntawm corundum, beryllium, chrysoberyl, tourmaline, spinel, garnet thiab lwm yam.

Lawv tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho kev sib cais, zoo li yog ib chav cais pob zeb nrog cov teebmeem opticalxws li kev ua si ntawm cov xim (ci), opalescence, ci ntsa iab (glow) - muaj nuj nqis opals, moonstone, labrador, thiab hauv chav kawm qis turquoise, muaj nuj nqis corals thiab pearls. Cov pab pawg thib ob, nruab nrab ntawm cov pob zeb zoo nkauj thiab cov pob zeb zoo nkauj, suav nrog cov pob zeb ntawm nruab nrab lossis qis hardness, tab sis siab cohesion, nrog rau cov pob zeb khaus lossis xim xim (jade, agate, falcon's thiab tsov lub qhov muag, lapis lazuli, streamers, thiab lwm yam). . Lub tswv yim ntawm pab pawg no, raws li nws yog, ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab ornamental, yog ib qho khoom plig rau lub centuries-laus kab lig kev cai los ntawm tus sau. Pab pawg thib peb suav nrog hniav pob zeb, tus sau tau ntsuas tag nrho lwm cov pob zeb nrog cov khoom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj dua li cov uas tau hais, nrog rau cov pob zeb uas tsis muaj zog, hauv qab thiab me ntsis saum toj no 3 ntawm Mohs nplai. Kev siv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis los ua lub hauv paus rau kev faib cov pob zeb tsis tuaj yeem muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo. Cov txheej txheem npaj tau dhau los ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, rau cov txheej txheem kev faib tawm yog qhov tseem ceeb raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub pov haum, tsis tshua muaj lossis macroscopic cov khoom xws li cov teebmeem kho qhov muag, thiab qee zaum kuj muaj cov khoom siv microphysical thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov pob zeb. Vim qhov tseeb tias cov pawg no tsis suav nrog hauv kev faib tawm, A. Churupa lub tswv yim, txawm tias niaj hnub thiab theoretically raug nyob rau hauv nws cov ntsiab lus dav dav, tsis tau siv hauv kev xyaum. Yog li nws yog ib qho ntawm ntau - yog li nthuav tawm hauv tebchaws Poland - ua tsis tiav kev sim cais pob zeb.

Tam sim no, vim nws tsis tuaj, gemologists feem ntau siv cov ntsiab lus dav dav thiab tsis meej. Thiab yog li ntawd rau pawg pob zeb:

1) muaj nuj nqis - cov no suav nrog cov minerals uas tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso tej yam kev mob, uas yog yus muaj los ntawm lub cev tsis tu ncua zog thiab siab resistant rau tshuaj yam tseem ceeb. Cov pob zeb no, txiav kom raug, yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj zoo nkauj (xim, ci ntsa iab, ci ntsa iab thiab lwm yam teebmeem ntawm qhov muag). 2) kho kom zoo nkauj - suav nrog pob zeb, feem ntau yog pob zeb monomineral, cov zaub mov thiab cov khoom tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hauv ntuj tsim (organic keeb kwm) thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev tsis tu ncua. Tom qab polishing, lawv muaj cov khoom zoo nkauj. Raws li qhov kev faib tawm no, ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pob zeb zoo nkauj suav nrog cov hlaws ntuj, cov hlaws kab lis kev cai, thiab tsis ntev los no kuj tseem amber. Qhov kev sib txawv no tsis muaj qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb thiab feem ntau yog rau kev lag luam. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev tshaj lij koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau lub sij hawm "jewelry pob zeb". Lo lus no tsis yog hais txog ib pawg ntawm cov pob zeb, tab sis qhia tias lawv siv tau. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov pob zeb hniav nyiaj hniav kub tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si ntuj muaj nuj nqis thiab cov pob zeb zoo nkauj, thiab cov pob zeb hluavtaws lossis cov khoom siv dag zog uas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv hauv qhov xwm txheej, nrog rau ntau yam kev coj ua thiab kev coj ua.

Qhov tseeb thiab zoo-txhais gemological lub ntsiab lus, cov npe thiab cov ntsiab lus, nrog rau lawv cov categorization, yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev lag luam hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Qhov no yog vim lawv pab txhawb kev sib txuas lus thiab tiv thaiv ntau hom kev tsim txom, ob qho tib si txhob txwm ua thiab tsis sib haum xeeb.

Ob lub koom haum loj gemological thiab tsoomfwv ntawm ntau lub tebchaws tau paub txog qhov no, sim tawm tsam cov xwm txheej tsis zoo no los ntawm kev tshaj tawm ntau yam kev cai lij choj uas tiv thaiv cov neeg siv khoom lag luam. Tab sis qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib sau npe thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog ib qho teeb meem nyuajyog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob cia siab tias nws yuav daws tau sai. Txawm hais tias nws yuav ua tiav thiab ntxiv dag zog, thiab nws qhov ntsuas yuav ua li cas, nws nyuaj rau kwv yees hnub no.

Compendium of Knowledge - kawm txog txhua lub pov haum

Tshawb xyuas peb sau txog kev paub txog txhua lub pov haum siv rau hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub

• Pob zeb diamond / Pob zeb diamond
• Ruby
• amethyst
• Aquamarine
• Agate
• ametrine
• Sapphire
• Emerald
• Topaz
• Tsimofan
• Jadeite
• morganite
• zoo li
• Peridot
• Alexandrite
• Heliodor